The Development of Germination Tests and Breaking Dormancy Techniques of Bitter Seeds (Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Wall. ex Nees)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.29244/jtcs.10.02.124-132Keywords:
chemical scarification, GA3, pleated paper and top of paper germination, seed viability, seed vigorAbstract
Bitter seed (Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Wall. ex Nees) is a medicinal species used in phyto pharmacy and known as ‘the king of bitterness’. Bitter seeds contain andrographolide,
a diterpenoid lactone which is widely used in Indian medicine for snake bites and for the treatment of hepatitis. The research was conducted at the Seed Management Unit experimental field of the Indonesian Spice and Medicinal Plants Research Institute (IMACRI) and at the Seed Quality Testing Laboratory of IPB University, Indonesia, from January until May 2021. The objectives of the study is to determine the best germination test and effective breaking dormancy techniques to increase the germination percentage of bitter seeds. The study was arranged in a completely randomized design with two-factors. The first factor was seed treatments, i.e., control/untreated, chemical scarification with 5% H2SO4 for 10 minutes, and 5% H2SO4 followed by a 100 ppm GA3 soaking treatment. The second factor conducted was germination test methods according to International Seed Testing Association, i.e., germinating the seeds on the top of paper and in pleated paper. Our study demonstrated that seed treatment with H2SO4 can break seed dormancy and speed up seed germination. Bitter seed germination on the pleated paper was higher than with the top-of-paper method. Bitter seed germination with the top-of-paper method was at 65 DAS and the final germination was at 80 days after sowing (DAS), and the final germination was 55.2%. With the pleated paper method, the seeds germinated at 30 DAS and the final germination was at 70 DAS, and the final the germination of 59.2%.
References
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Savage, W.F.F., and Metzger, G.L. (2006). Seed dormancy and the control of germination. New Phytologist 171, 501-523. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2006.01787.x
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Sun, Q., Liwei, Z., Wenjing, Z., and Jianhua, W. (2018). Physical and chemical difference of seed coat between hard and soft seeds of licorice (Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch). Legume Research 41, 441-446. https://doi.org/10.18805/LR-376
Talei, D., Valdiani, A., Abdulla, M.P., and Hassan, S.A. (2012). A rapid and effective method for dormancy breakage and germination of king of bitters (Andrographis paniculata Nees.) seeds. Maydica 57, 98-105.
Tieu, A., Dixon, K.W., and Meney, K.A. (2001). Spatial and developmental variation in seed dormancy characteristics in the fire-responsive species Anigozanthos manglesii (Haemodoraceae) from Western Australia. Annals of Botany 88, 19-26. https://doi.org/10.1006/anbo.2001.1424
Twala, T.C., and Fisher, J. (2022). Effect of scarification and soaking on seed germination and viability of Podocarpus henkelii and P. latifolius (Podocarpaceae). Research Square 1, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1279829/v1.
Valdiani, A., Kadir, M.A., Tan, S.G., Talei, D., and Abdullah, M.P. (2012). Nain-e havandi (Andrographis paniculata) present yesterday, absent today: a plenary review on underutilized herb of Iran’s pharmaceutical plants. Molecular Biology Report 39, 409-424. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-011-1341-x
Wang, Y., Mu, C., Hou, Y., and Li, X. (2008). Optimum harvest time of Vicia cracca in relation to high seed quality during pod development. Crop Science 48, 709-715. https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2007.04.0211sc
Yuniarti, N., and Djaman, D.F. (2015). Dormancy breaking technique to accelerate courbaril seed germination (Hymenaea coubaril) In “Proceedings of the National Seminar on Indonesian Biodiversity Society” pp. 1433-1437. https://doi.org/10.13057/psnmbi/m010629
Baskin, J.M., and Baskin, C.C. (2014). “Seeds: Ecology Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination”. 2nd edition. Academic Press, San Diego, California.
[Central Agency on Statistics]. (2021). “Statistik Hortikultura 2021”. https://www.bps.go.id/ publication/2022/06/08/44e935e8c141bcb37569aed3/statistik-hortikultura-2021.html [May 7, 2022].
Carerra, E., Holmtefan, T., Medhurst, A., Dietrich, D., and Footitt, S. (2008). Seed after ripening is a discrete developmental pathway associated with specific gene networks in Arabidopsis. The Plant Journal 53, 214-224.
Cipcigan, M.C., Pamfil, D., Sisea, C.R., and Margaoan, R. (2020). Gibberellic acid can improve seed germination and ornamental quality of selected cyclamen species grown under short and long days. Horticultural and Floricultural Crops 10, 516. D https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10040516.
Demir, I., Ashirov, A.M., and Mavi, K. (2008). Effect of seed production environment and time of harvest on tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) seedling growth. Research Journal of Seed Science 1, 1- 10. https://doi.org/10.3923/rjss.2008.1.10
Ertekin, M. (2011). Effects of microorganisms, hormone treatment, and stratification on seed germination of the golden rain tree (Koelreuteria paniculata). International Journal of Agriculture and Biology 13, 38-42.
Gupta, R., and Chakrabarty, S.K. (2013). Gibberellic acid in plant still a mystery unresolved. Plant Signaling and Behaviour 8, 1-5. https://doi.org/10.4161/psb.25504.
[ISTA] International Seed Testing Association. (2018). “International Rules for Seed Testing”.
Bassedorf. Switzerland.
Kataky, A., and Handique, P.J. (2010). Micropropagation and screening of antioxidant potential of Andrographis paniculata. Journal of Hill Agriculture 1, 13-18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11627-008-9156-8.
[Ministry of Agriculture] “Decree of the Minister of Agriculture of Indonesia No. 42 of 2019 Technical Certification of Horticultural Seeds”. Indonesian Ministry of Agriculture.
Lainufar, P.A., Qadir, A., Suhartanto, M.R, and Ardie, S.W. (2021). Harvesting criteria and drying methods to improve the quality of foxtail millet seeds (Setaria italica L. Beauv.). Journal of Tropical Crop Science 8, 168-176. https://doi.org/10.29244/jtcs.8.03.168-176.
Liu, Y., Geyer, R., Zanten, M.V., Carles, A., and Li, Y. (2011). Identification of the Arabidopsis reduced dormancy 2 gene uncovers a role for the polymerase associated factor 1 complex in seed dormancy. PLoS One 6, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0022241.
Muhar, T.J., Handayani, T.T., and Lande, M.L. (2015). Effect of KNO3 and light on germination and growth of rice seedling (Oryza sativa L.) Ciherang variety. National Seminar Proceedings: Lampung University 137-144.
Ningsih, R.M., Widajati, E., and Palupi, E.R. (2021). Seed quality based on skin color and fruit parts, as well as the quality of sugar apple seeds by administering PGPR and CaCO3. Indonesian Journal of Agronomy 49, 206-211. https://doi.org/10.24831/jaiv49i2.36381.
Powell, A.A., Yule, L.J., Jing, H.C., Groot, P.C., Bino, R.J., and Pritchard H.W. (2000).The influence of aerated hydration seed treatment on seed longevity as assessed by the viability equations. Journal of Experimental Botany 51, 2031-2043. https://doi.org/10.1093/jexbot/51.353.2031.
Rajagopal, K., Varakumar, P., Baliwada, A., and Byran, G. (2020). Activity of phytochemical constituents of Curcuma longa and Andrographis paniculata against coronavirus (COVID-19): an in-silico approach. Future Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 6, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s43094-020-00126-x.
Riyadi, I. (2010). The effect of kinetin and BAP on the growth and development of somatic embryos of sago (Metroxylon sagu Rottb.) plants. AgroBiogen Journal 6, 101-106. https://doi.org/10.21082/jbio.v6n2.2010.p101-106.
Rouhi, H.R., Sepehri, A., Sefidkhani, L., and Karimi, F. (2015). Evaluation of several methods for breaking dormancy of bitter vetch seeds (Vicia ervilia L.). Plant Breeding and Seed Science 72, 57-65. https://doi.org/10.1515/plass-2015-0022.
Rusmin, D., Melati, Wahyuni S, and Sukarman. (2007). Effect of harvesting age on seed viability and its relationship with bitter seeds (Andrographis paniculata Nees) herb production. LITTRI Journal 13, 21-27. https://doi.org/10.21082/jlittri.v13n1.2007.21-27.
Rusmin, D., Darwati, I., Suwarno, F.C., and Ilyas, S. (2016). Viability of pruatjan (Pimpinella pruatjan) seeds at various germination stimulation treatments. Buletin Littro 7, 115-122. https://doi.org/10.21082/bullittro.v27n2.2016.115-122.
Santos, T.P., Sa, M.E., Malagutti, E.S., Pinto, M.S., and Ferreira, A.F.A. (2022). Effects of gibberellic acid concentration and fruit maturation stage on seed germination and vigor of pitahaya seedlings. Brazilian Journal of Biology 84, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.260650
Savage, W.F.F., and Metzger, G.L. (2006). Seed dormancy and the control of germination. New Phytologist 171, 501-523. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2006.01787.x
Skubacz, A., and Golec, A.D. (2017). Seed dormancy: the complex process regulated by abscisic acid, gibberellins, and other phytohormones that makes seed germination work In “Phytohormones” (M. El-Esawi, ed.), pp. 78-100. Intech Science. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.68735
Sun, Q., Liwei, Z., Wenjing, Z., and Jianhua, W. (2018). Physical and chemical difference of seed coat between hard and soft seeds of licorice (Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch). Legume Research 41, 441-446. https://doi.org/10.18805/LR-376
Talei, D., Valdiani, A., Abdulla, M.P., and Hassan, S.A. (2012). A rapid and effective method for dormancy breakage and germination of king of bitters (Andrographis paniculata Nees.) seeds. Maydica 57, 98-105.
Tieu, A., Dixon, K.W., and Meney, K.A. (2001). Spatial and developmental variation in seed dormancy characteristics in the fire-responsive species Anigozanthos manglesii (Haemodoraceae) from Western Australia. Annals of Botany 88, 19-26. https://doi.org/10.1006/anbo.2001.1424
Twala, T.C., and Fisher, J. (2022). Effect of scarification and soaking on seed germination and viability of Podocarpus henkelii and P. latifolius (Podocarpaceae). Research Square 1, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1279829/v1.
Valdiani, A., Kadir, M.A., Tan, S.G., Talei, D., and Abdullah, M.P. (2012). Nain-e havandi (Andrographis paniculata) present yesterday, absent today: a plenary review on underutilized herb of Iran’s pharmaceutical plants. Molecular Biology Report 39, 409-424. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-011-1341-x
Wang, Y., Mu, C., Hou, Y., and Li, X. (2008). Optimum harvest time of Vicia cracca in relation to high seed quality during pod development. Crop Science 48, 709-715. https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2007.04.0211sc
Yuniarti, N., and Djaman, D.F. (2015). Dormancy breaking technique to accelerate courbaril seed germination (Hymenaea coubaril) In “Proceedings of the National Seminar on Indonesian Biodiversity Society” pp. 1433-1437. https://doi.org/10.13057/psnmbi/m010629
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Published
2023-06-28
How to Cite
Gundala, B. T., Widajati, E., & Ilyas, S. (2023). The Development of Germination Tests and Breaking Dormancy Techniques of Bitter Seeds (Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Wall. ex Nees). Journal of Tropical Crop Science, 10(02), 124–132. https://doi.org/10.29244/jtcs.10.02.124-132
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